By David Wojick
Dominion Energy, Virginia’s big electric utility, is telling the State it does not foresee complying with the 2045 net zero power target in the Virginia Clean Economy Act (VCEA). The preferred option in Dominion’s latest Integrated Resources Plan (IRP) retires no fossil-fueled power generators, other than the few old ones that are already in the process of retirement. In fact, it adds a lot more fossil juice.
Up front in the IRP, Dominion puts it this way: “Due to an increasing load forecast, and the need for dispatchable generation, the Alternative Plans show additional natural gas-fired resources and preserve existing carbon-emitting units beyond statutory retirement deadlines established in the VCEA. The law explicitly authorizes the Company to petition the SCC for relief from these requirements on the basis that the unit retirements would threaten the reliability or security of electric service to customers.”
So, in effect, this is a notice to Virginia’s utility regulator, the State Corporation Commission (SCC), that Dominion is prepared to petition for permission to not comply with the net zero power generation mandate in the VCEA.
In fact, this IRP may constitute such a petition. The anti-fossil forces apparently think so because they have petitioned the SCC to reject the IRP because it includes more gas-fired generation. In response, the SCC has initiated a formal legal proceeding to consider this request. A number of green groups have joined the proceeding; there has been a hearing, public comments have been taken, etc. The whole rulemaking deal.
The impetus for this unexpected bout of rationality from Dominion is, as the quote says, an increased load forecast. Specifically, the SCC requires Dominion to use the load forecast from the regional grid operator, which is PJM. They issued a whopping new forecast that is roughly double their earlier ones going back years.
So Dominion is saying they don’t think we can service this enormous new load and comply with the VCEA net zero mandate. They specifically propose not to retire most of their fossil fleet, plus adding almost 3,000 MW of gas-fired generation over the next 15 years. No wonder the anti-fossils are apoplectic.
Unfortunately, they also add a ridiculous amount of renewables. This is about 11,000 Megawatts (MW) of solar and 3,000 MW of mostly offshore wind, on top of the 2,600 MW of offshore already in process. With their usual smoke and mirrors, there is virtually no storage to make this intermittent junk reliable despite costing tens of billions of dollars. If the gas-fired power does that, why not just use it instead of the renewables? Plus, offshore wind is hell on whales. But I digress.
Dominion has 7 million customers in 16 States, so its Virginia no net zero action has much wider implications. Beyond that, it could be a national precedent, so other utilities, States, and interest groups should be watching closely.
What the SCC decides could be very important. Ironically, in a ridiculous sense, the SCC does not exist at this time. Due to a political stalemate, there is only one Commissioner, out of the called-for three, and it takes a quorum of two to issue a formal order. It looks like the most that can happen is that an administrative law judge can render an opinion on the anti-fossil petition.
The SCC legal mess is beyond my knowledge or understanding. Rejecting an IRP seems odd to begin with. Then, too, the VCEA seems to allow what Dominion is describing specifically. Nor is it at all clear that an IRP is a petition when the matter is just presented as an option. Perhaps it is a petition to be allowed to suggest it. The whole fight strikes me as an absurd confusion, but alarmism is like that. Maybe that is the message. Anti-fossil alarmism is an absurd confusion.
This confused action should be fun to watch. Stay tuned to CFACT as the no net zero drama unfolds.
Author
David Wojick, Ph.D. is an independent analyst working at the intersection of science, technology and policy. For origins see http://www.stemed.info/engineer_tackles_confusion.html For over 100 prior articles for CFACT see http://www.cfact.org/author/david-wojick-ph-d/ Available for confidential research and consulting.
The only way to support Net Zero is to ignore reliability. One waves their hands, and prays to Gaia.
and to be happy with massive increases in utility bills – Germany pays almost 4X what the average American pays & Calif. is even higher – and did we get to vote for higher energy bills?
One thing we don’t get, is electricity when we need it the most.
The wind turbine project in progress south of Long Island isn’t projected to be profitable based on the current contract. If completed electric prices in the Big Apple will skyrocket.
If completed electric prices in the Big Apple will skyrocket.
Umm ‘will necessarily skyrocket’ used to be the phrase of choice by US Presidents, IIRC.
Auto
The only way to support Net Zero is to ignore
reliabilityreality.Fixed it for you.
Irrationality rules OK.
🥺🥺🥺🥺🥺
That’s not true.
Another way towards Net Zero is to revert to pre-Edison/Ford lifestyles.
The buggy whip maker shall rise again!
The Amish were right in not connecting to the (non)-grid.
Story tip:
July 26, 2023 paper chops head off zombie Younger Dryas Impact speculation.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825223001915
Comprehensive refutation of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH)
Your presentation of the Younger Dryas was interesting but nothing to do with Dominion and their windmills. The younger Dryas speculation is in the realm of multiple working hypotheses. Ther is no reason to have a particular axe to grind, and no reason not to start a thread on it, but keep it relevant to the existing thread
WUWT no longer has a story tip section, so readers are encouraged to post tips in comment sections of unrelated entries.
WRONG! It’s still there on the right of the page header.
From the beginning of the comments section: “If your comment is a story tip, make sure you include the phrase “story tip” in the text to flag it to our attention.”
That’s exactly what Milo did.
It means IF your comment is a story tip, include those two words.
You are inferring the additional meaning of please use unrelated threads for random story tips. W
We have not advised that. Relevant comments can be story tips. We offered an additional way to get the message to us if a comment was story worthy.
We did not say stop using the submit form.
The Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH) has been the topic of a dozen WUWT posts beginning 10 or more years ago. The last 6 or so by David Middleton.
Nevertheless, it is nice to know there are scientists that document and agree. 🙂
I pray for Gaia, but also understand that Gaia provides coal, oil and natural gas for our use and advancement.
Praise Gaia!!
“renewables“
Requires Giga-Tons of non-renewable mining extraction, transportation, refining and processing before you ever get to the generation stage of a mere 2MW per generator installation to get power 36% of the time
The green mob is really shooting the so-called “energy transition” in the foot, as it were. Electric cars have a chance at being viable but pushing NetZero means high electricity prices and unreliability which will kill EVs. NetZero also means that reliable baseload power will be prematurely retired, and the build out of wind and solar isn’t going to keep up and storage of sufficient quantities may never be available – at least ample baseload hid that problem behind the green curtain, meaning that there was always enough power available and any useless green power generated when not required created an opportunity for anyone with flexible energy needs, or a large enough grid and many interconnections could mean a market for that useless electricity – but all that is in the toilet because the forced death march of NetZero has driven up the cost of just about every mineral needed for the grid and storage and even the turbines and panels themselves.
Climate change fanaticism is killing the fanatical green transition.
The serpent is eating it’s own tail.
Unreliables!
“Renewable Energy”…isn’t.
Ruinables
“Ruinables”
Dominion to VCEA: pound sand. Good start. Especially with a non functioning SCC. Will be fun to follow as plays out.
I would agree apart from Dominion adding large amounts of renewables in there. They’re still trying to achieve the unachievable and expensive solution with this but maybe, if it’s upheld, it’ll be a foot in the door.
So far, PJM has been acting responsibly. Remains to be seen whether they can make it thru the minefield of political stupidity.
Close them down. You won’t need to turn out the lights.
“…the need for dispatchable generation…” says it all. Most AGW adherents have no idea what that means.
It seems that most of the debacles in renewable energy for the grid is top-down. (Politics?)
Those with “boots on ground”, even if they bought into it, are realizing it’s “not ready for prime time”.
Good news.
Perhaps Virginia schoolchildren should take lessons from William and Kate on how to cut up kindling in a Net Zero world
the Germans have cut down entre forests to burn as fuel since electricity, as reported in the WSJ, is unaffordable by many Germans and now considered to be a luxury
wow, that’s a carpenter saw!
I’d just stomp on it fast and break it into several pieces in a few seconds. Probably gonna take him half an hour. And, he needs his wife to hold it for him!
For that kind of twig you just stomp on it or put it across your knee to snap it.
If it doesn’t snap, it ain’t fit for fire.
That’s so she can berate and belittle him for being a weak unmanly man…like any good democrat
Isnt that an amusing thought – the Consort to the heir to the British throne as a Democrat. Probably accurate, but must require mental contortions on a daily basis.
Yeah I would never have thought to use a saw for something that small..
Oh yes, and every camper carries a woodwork saw with them.
I have a saw I keep in my camper…it has a 2 stroke Pull Start and blade nibs attached to a 4′ long chain
When I used to go back packing as a teen, we made sure that somebody in the group had one of those 6 inch folding saws. Came in handy when setting up camp and not all of the branches you found were small enough to be broken by stamping on.
I have a house supplied by Dominion in Virginia and have kind of watched this unfold over the past couple of years. All the power suppliers have to do is what Dominion is doing right now. State they absolutely can’t comply, give the reasons why and go with it. Just exactly what is the state going to do? Arrest the executives? Take over the power company? Dominion can go on the offensive and start the PR campaign right now and throw it back to the politicians.
I believe you are absolutely right, and that every major electric utility in the country ought to be doing exactly the same thing, in whatever forums are available to them as well as, most critically, in public communications.
Take over the power company?
Wouldn’t surprise me if they tried that.
As for going on the offensive, I’m not holding my breath.
Don’t give them ideas. That’s how Hugo Chavez got started.
maybe the whole scam is starting to fall apart
let us pray! 🙂
Text below image above:
“A two-megawatt windmill contains 260 tons
of steel, requiring 170 tons of coking coal
and 300 tons of iron ore – all mined,
transported, and produced by hydrocarbon-
-[powered mechanisms].
A windmill could spin until it falls apart and
never generate as much energy as was
invested in building it.”
Steel is mostly iron.
Are iron ore deposits such that 300 tons of ore can produce 260 tons of steel common?
Not mentioned in that claim is the disproportionate amount of concrete required relative to that used by most other electrical power generators.
The foundations needed to anchor a wind turbine are huge, especially considering even the faceplate rating of the wind turbine.
Fossil fuel power plants do use a lot of concrete for their foundations, but compared to the amount of power they generate, the amount is much smaller than for wind.
I would imagine that solar doesn’t use a lot of concrete. There may be a lot of individual pads, but the individual pads aren’t large, nor are they deep.
It sounds plausible, especially if you mean useful electricity at peak periods, but I would still like to see a calculation comparing what goes into a turbine, especially the new ones at about 15MW for offshore, with what comes out, about 40% of capacity produced whenever the weather agrees regardless of need.
15MW is about 15,000 kW, and times 365x24x 40% capacity factor x $.05 per kW (what would be a decent wholesale price for electricity for these days) – I get about $2.6M per year or about $50M if the thing lasts 20 years – is that enough to buy one? The cost is in the ballpark of the energy cost as just about every stage of production involves consuming energy – though someone more patient than me could actually figure out just the exact amount of kWh that went into making it, so the cost of labour, taxes, interest, base material costs (exclusive of energy), etc., aren’t included. For me, it’s enough that the thing pays for itself using just the wholesale price of electricity over it lifespan – then it probably produced more electricity than the energy that went into it.
From what I can find, using Vesta’s 15MW or the Halide X14 as typical samples, a hypothetical 15GW turbine would cost at least $15M, maybe even $20M – but it’s hard to know for sure if that’s valid because it seems most of the companies are losing money because of all the inflation governments have made – and possible low-balling the bids to go after market share.
So, at least as far as I can tell, since they cost much less than the wholesale cost of the electricity they make over a good lifespan, then they must make more energy than what goes in to making them.
startingnearly done fall[ing] apart😄
And still generating Net Zero
Because the United States is still a country of laws,
Dominion is protecting itself against bankruptcy-level negligence liability.
For some context, the following is an excerpt from my memorandum based on Washington State law, but, there is, no doubt, much similarity to the laws of the jurisdiction(s) Dominion operates in.
3. g. Assumption of Duty to Continue Once Begin Electric Service (Power Co.’s)
***
2) Adequate Service
“Every gas company, electric company and water company shall furnish and supply such service, … as shall be safe, adequate and efficient, and in all respects just and reasonable.” RCW 80.28.010(2). {emphasis mine}
3) Washington Case Law – 2 Examples
(1) Power Co. Liable for Negligence Even When Event Beyond Its Control (Storm)
[National Union Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA v. Puget Sound Power & Light]
– Summary
“… Puget Power’s [Now called “Puget Sound Energy”] unexplained failure to utilize apparently available back up generators to supply Boeing with electric service during the windstorm-related service interruption [] raises a genuine issue of material fact for trial regarding Puget Power’s alleged negligence. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for trial on the factual issue of whether Puget Power negligently failed to utilize back up generators to supply Boeing with electric service while the windstorm damage to regular sources of power was being repaired, resulting in damage to Boeing. Puget Power entered into a contract [Note: privity of contract is a potential issue…] with Boeing to provide power… .” National Union Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA v. Puget Sound Power & Light, 94 Wn.App 163, 167, 972 P.2d 481 (Wash.App. Div. 1 1999).
– Statutory Duty to Provide Electric Service – WUTC (Wash. Utilities and Transportation Commission) Legislative Policy
Electric companies must “furnish and supply such service, instrumentalities and facilities as shall be safe, adequate and efficient, and in all respects just and reasonable.” Id. at 173 (quoting RCW 80.28.010(2)).
Electric companies must “construct and maintain such facilities in connection with the manufacture and distribution of its product as will be efficient and safe to its employees and the public.” Id. at 173 (quoting RCW 80.28.010(8)). Per RCW 80.01.040, the Legislature established the WUTC to regulate electric companies in the public interest. Id. at 173-74 {emphasis mine}. The WUTC has stated its mission as ‘ensuring that safe and reliable service is provided to consumers at reasonable rates.’ Clerk’s Papers at 48.” Id. at 174.
“ … [T]he WUTC requires electric companies to provide adequate service and minimize service interruptions:
Maintenance–each utility shall maintain its plant and system in such condition as will enable it to furnish adequate service.
Interruptions of service–each utility shall endeavor to avoid interruptions of service, and, when such interruptions occur, to reestablish service with a minimum of delay. WAC 480-100-076 {italics mine}.
If an electric utility violates state law or a WUTC regulation, [it is] liable “to the persons or corporations affected thereby for all loss, damage or injury caused thereby or resulting therefrom[.] RCW 80.04.440.” National Union v. Puget Sound at 174.
***
Given Puget Power’s statutory duty to provide “adequate and efficient” electric service, RCW 80.28.010, and its regulatory duty to “to avoid interruptions of service, and, when such interruptions occur, to reestablish service with a minimum of delay,” WAC 480-100-076, Puget Power can clearly be held liable for its negligence. Id. {emphasis mine} Puget Sound customers thus have a right to recover damages under RCW 80.04.440. See, e.g., Olson v. Pacific Northwest Bell Tel. Co., 65 Or.App. 422, 671 P.2d 1185-86 (1983) (negligence, gross negligence, and a breach of contract claims were actionable under statute similar to RCW 80.04.440 for breach of statutory duty to provide adequate telephone service). Id. 174-75. [Note: telephone service is LESS crucial than electric, so a court would be even more likely to hold liable one whose negligence interrupts electric power.] ***
End of excerpt from my Memorandum
Dominion should demand fast tracked Nuclear 11,000 MW for starters, that should make a few heads explode.
YES! (and, heh, yes)
Since you have a moron as US DOE Secretary and a complete newby as NRC Chair who was a Divinity graduate, that ain’t gonna happen.
Thank you, Janice, most illuminating.
Is the ownership of Puget Power and Dominion mostly American?
In Aussie land, we have substantial Chinese ownership of the generation and distribution companies. They seldom say much of value to the public.
Geoff S
Thank YOU, Geoff. I am gratified that you took the time to read that.
I did a quick look into the ownership of Puget Sound Energy. It appears to be largely owned by Canadian public pension funds:
Without looking up Dominion’s ownership and without delving in to the details on PSE’s ownership, the U.S. federal goverment closely regulates/scrutinizes foreign investment in the energy sector.
Here is just one little bit of law to give you a flavor for that regulation (I am short on time, here, to do more research for you) – emphases mine:
(c) SENSE OF CONGRESS ON CONSIDERATION OF COVERED TRANSACTIONS.—It is the sense of Congress that, when considering national security risks, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States may consider—
(1) whether a covered transaction involves a country of special concern that has a demonstrated or declared strategic goal of acquiring a type of critical technology or critical infrastructure that would affect United States leadership in areas related to national security;
(2) the potential national security-related effects of the cumulative control of, or pattern of recent transactions involving, any one type of critical infrastructure, energy asset, critical material, or critical technology by a foreign government or foreign person;
(3) whether any foreign person engaging in a covered transaction with a United States business has a history of complying with United States laws and regulations; …
(Source: https://home.treasury.gov/sites/default/files/2018-08/The-Foreign-Investment-Risk-Review-Modernization-Act-of-2018-FIRRMA_0.pdf )
Here is an excerpt from an article commenting on related issues:
Mandated under the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act of 2018 (FIRRMA), the two new regulations expand CFIUS’s authority to review cross-border investments, mergers, acquisitions, and joint ventures involving U.S. energy companies, as well as energy production assets located in the United States.
This means that CFIUS and its partner agencies will take a more active role in reviewing, approving, and potentially unwinding energy sector investments that present national security risks. These developments follow the seminal 2014 decision in Ralls Corp. v. CFIUS, in which the U.S. Court of Federal Appeal upheld the U.S. Government’s authority to unwind the Chinese acquisition of wind farms located near a sensitive U.S. Navy facility.
(Source: https://www.foley.com/en/insights/publications/2020/03/new-regulations-cfius-us-energy-sector-investments )
And here is a 2020 article about the ownership of PSE — it may have changed since:
BELLEVUE, Wash. (7/7/2021) Puget Sound Energy (PSE) announced today that it is welcoming two new shareholders to the group of public- and private-sector pension and retirement fund managers with stakes in the utility.
Macquarie Asset Management (MAM) and Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan Board (Ontario Teachers’) will acquire equal shares of a 31.6%, non-controlling interest in PSE’s parent company, Puget Holdings, currently held by Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPP Investments). Ontario Teachers’ administers Canada’s largest single-profession pension plan. MAM is returning as an investor in PSE, after having previously led a consortium of investors through a time-limited fund that ended in 2019. PSE’s other investors will maintain their current level of interest: Alberta Investment Management Corporation (AIMCo) (13.6%); British Columbia Investment Management Corporation (BCI) (20.9%); OMERS (23.9%); and PGGM (10%).
(Source: https://www.pse.com/en/press-release/details/PSE-welcomes-new-investment )
Bottom line (re: PSE): while its shareholders are, apparently, gung-ho for the non-data-driven plans of PSE to go “beyond Net Zero), it is a TERRIBLE investment. PSE has been captured by the “renewables” scammers. Without HEAVY taxpayer funding of its costs, PSE’s goals will bankrupt it within 10 years (if not sooner).
Requirements for the brave new world.
Something to burn and somewhere to burn it.
And requirements for a FREEDOM-filled world — GO, INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES!
(“If the tire fits….. BURN IT!”) 😊
Dominion should get its way. All Dominion customers who disagree should have their smart meters adjusted to only provide the percentage of energy generated from renewables. That would leave even more traditional energy for the rest of us. It’s a win win.
It’s about time utilities start fighting back. They KNOW they cannot keep a reliable grid with renewables, and have been complicit in their silence. They are quasi-public and have to play along with the political games, and they will be made whole on the wind boondoggle. But at some point they have to stand up to the idiocy.
Nonsense!
No problem meeting net zero.
As a matter of disclosure, I have stock in this utility and have attended a public meeting in support of one of their nuclear stations.
The reason the 36 new nuke plants on the NRC docket in 2008 are not coming on line now is waste natural gas produced by the shale revolution. If power plants do not burn it, it has to be flared.
This is a very good thing for the US. During good times, idiots can what they want but power companies have to keep the lights on (except in Califonia).
No wonder the anti-fossils are apoplectic
Nothing like a healthy dose of reality to ignite an alarmist. Put a bunch in a room like this and enjoy:
Virginia should have [plenty of company among power utilities worldwide that can’t reach net zero. It will also have plenty of company among consumers who don’t give a damn about net zero either as long as they are provided with a reliable energy supply 24/7/365 regardless of what the source might be.
Well what Regulators have to do is jack up the wholesale price generators are permitted to charge consumers in order to pay for the transition-
‘Dear god no’: Electricity prices set to rise under energy market draft ruling (msn.com)
Yeah I know wind and solar power are much cheaper than fossil fuels and nukes but that’s not how power bills work. They work best by jacking up the prices whenever you need it most or turning some of your electrical appliances off and sending you home from work. Don’t worry it’s all been computer modelled to change the weather.
This is quite interesting. I have been saying for a long time that it doesn’t matter what the beaurocrats “mandate”, the grass roots voter/customer will not stand for it. So here is Dominion, saying it will not and cannot, comply with the NetZero folly, and will actually be ADDING fossil generating capacity in order to ensure their customers have enough electricity. This is actually a Win/Win situation.
Now, if the SCC allows Dominion to ignore the “mandate”, so much the better. But if they do not….if they use some legal shenanigans to force power plant closure to comply with the NetZero farce….then the bureaucrats will be the blame targets. THEY forced the closure of plants, THEY cut your power usage, THEY decided you live in the dark. And they will not be around very long, because the end point customers, who vote, will not stand for it.
62..
Not sure I agree. The politicians are pretty adept at shifting the blame and the voters (in general), unfortunately, are quite willing to buy it. The “greedy” power companies will be the ones taking the blame, even though the requirements are the real culprit.
Dominion is one of only two power companies in Virginia required to reach net-zero under the Virginia laws. It is also the electric supplier for Northern Virginia, the largest data center hub on the planet. , Their demand is increasing probably faster than any utility in the first world, with the rise of AI adding to the acceleration. They have already told developers in eastern Loudon county that it will be three years before they can add more capacity for data centers there.
They have known since the law was proposed that there was no chance of going net zero by 2045 while meeting known demand, much less projected increases. They played along with the charade to get the subsidies for the solar and wind installations, appealing to the SCC was just a matter of timing.
“We’ve messed this up.”
Switch to renewables ‘messed up’ despite clean ambition (msn.com)
No you haven’t you numpties. You’ve just taken on an utter fantasy that becomes increasingly obvious by the weekly news.
Story Tip
Couple of stories recently about how costs of both wind and solar are not falling but rising. The first is a quite detailed note on wind:
https://watt-logic.com/2023/06/14/wind-farm-costs/
Time to accept that wind farm costs are not falling
And Gordon Hughes on solar costs:
https://www.ref.org.uk/ref-blog/374-the-economics-of-utility-scale-solar-generation-summary
This the summary, and there is a link at the bottom to the full paper.
The Hughes argument is that panel costs have fallen but are a very small part of the total cost of deployment and use, and the economics are not of falling costs.
Its not working.
Out in the real world, the working life of wind mills is turning out to be way less than that predicted by wind promoters.
Maintenance is also turning out to be a much bigger expense the promoters predicted.
Finally the long neglected cost of back up is starting to be accounted for.
Dominion’s plan is fairly obvious. Cash in on rising prices for electricity. Cash in on every capex dollar invested in wind, solar, battery backup, and eventually, nuclear. Cash in on the rising demand for reliable and dispatchable gas-fired generation. Take advantage of the considerable uncertainties which go with the territory of the Net Zero transition to cash in on every possible money-making opportunity which might present itself.
The reality of the situation is that the grid cannot operate without natural gas on standby, which is a tried and tested disaster proof natural resource, which can scale to demand like no other. At least when the renewables are generating power, the natural resource is being conserved, it will not last forever.
Unfortunately, Virginia is part of the 12-state collective known as RGGI, wherein they get to cap, and trade or purchase “allowances”. The proceeds can then be used to “green up” the grid and put money into pet Greentopia projects. In other words, the money is pretty wasted, plus it drives rates up. But the states get to virtue signal to their hearts content, so that’s good, right? You can’t put a price on that.
Every city of any size sells municipal bonds. The Security Exchange Commission requires all known potential risks to be included in the prospectus of bonds. Now that this cat is out of the bag, every city served by Dominion should include the risk of having insufficient electrical power sometime during the lifetime of the bond.
Of course, including that information makes the bond less attractive and raises the interest rates required to sell the bonds, i.e., it will cost cities money. Hopefully, groups will hold SEC’s feet to the fire and ensure these risks are included. The sooner Net Zero starts costing GOVERNMENTS money the sooner it will end.
Dominion should just send a bill to Virginia for it infostructure with the note on it if you think you can do better for Virginia and the rest of the world have at it.